Hydrogels are a class of polymer materials with broad application prospects. However, the high water content in most hydrogels limits their functionality to a narrow temperature range. Developing hydrogels with anti-freezing capabilities and reliable mechanical performance at low temperatures is a promising area of research.

Hydrogels are a type of highly hydrophilic three-dimensional network structure gel. They swell rapidly in water and can retain a large volume of water in this swollen state without dissolving.